What Was the Lesson in Language Arts 8 on Conxus That Had Us Choice to Write a Autobigrapghy on

Self-written biography

An autobiography (from the Greek, αὐτός-autos self + βίος-bios life + γράφειν-graphein to write; too informally chosen an autobio ^[i]) is a self-written account of one's life. The discussion "autobiography" was first used deprecatingly by William Taylor in 1797 in the English periodical The Monthly Review, when he suggested the word as a hybrid, but condemned information technology every bit "pedantic". Yet, its side by side recorded apply was in its present sense, by Robert Southey in 1809.^[two] Despite only existence named early in the nineteenth century, first-person autobiographical writing originates in antiquity. Roy Pascal differentiates autobiography from the periodic self-reflective mode of journal or diary writing by noting that "[autobiography] is a review of a life from a item moment in time, while the diary, however cogitating it may exist, moves through a series of moments in fourth dimension".^[3] Autobiography thus takes stock of the autobiographer's life from the moment of composition. While biographers generally rely on a wide variety of documents and viewpoints, autobiography may be based entirely on the author's retention. The memoir form is closely associated with autobiography but information technology tends, every bit Pascal claims, to focus less on the self and more on others during the autobiographer's review of their own life.^[3]

Biography

Life

Autobiographical works are by nature subjective. The inability—or unwillingness—of the author to accurately recall memories has in certain cases resulted in misleading or incorrect data. Some sociologists and psychologists have noted that autobiography offers the author the ability to recreate history.

Spiritual autobiography

Spiritual autobiography is an business relationship of an author's struggle or journeying towards God, followed past conversion a religious conversion, often interrupted by moments of regression. The author re-frames their life as a sit-in of divine intention through encounters with the Divine. The primeval example of a spiritual autobiography is Augustine's Confessions though the tradition has expanded to include other religious traditions in works such equally Zahid Rohari'southward An Autobiography and Black Elk Speaks. The spiritual autobiography frequently serves every bit an endorsement of their religion.

Memoirs

A memoir is slightly different in character from an autobiography. While an autobiography typically focuses on the "life and times" of the author, a memoir has a narrower, more intimate focus on the author's memories, feelings and emotions. Memoirs have oft been written by politicians or military leaders as a mode to tape and publish an account of their public exploits. I early example is that of Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico, also known every bit Commentaries on the Gallic Wars. In the work, Caesar describes the battles that took place during the ix years that he spent fighting local armies in the Gallic Wars. His second memoir, Commentarii de Bello Civili (or Commentaries on the Ceremonious War) is an business relationship of the events that took place between 49 and 48 BC in the ceremonious state of war confronting Gnaeus Pompeius and the Senate.

Leonor López de Córdoba (1362–1420) wrote what is supposed to exist the commencement autobiography in Castilian. The English Ceremonious State of war (1642–1651) provoked a number of examples of this genre, including works by Sir Edmund Ludlow and Sir John Reresby. French examples from the same period include the memoirs of Cardinal de Retz (1614–1679) and the Duc de Saint-Simon.

Fictional autobiography

The term "fictional autobiography" signifies novels about a fictional character written as though the character were writing their own autobiography, meaning that the character is the first-person narrator and that the novel addresses both internal and external experiences of the character. Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders is an early on case. Charles Dickens' David Copperfield is some other such classic, and J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye is a well-known modern example of fictional autobiography. Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre is yet another example of fictional autobiography, as noted on the front folio of the original version. The term may besides employ to works of fiction purporting to be autobiographies of real characters, e.g., Robert Nye's Memoirs of Lord Byron.

Autobiography through the ages

The classical period: Apologia, oration, confession

In antiquity such works were typically entitled apologia, purporting to be self-justification rather than self-documentation. John Henry Newman's Christian confessional work (first published in 1864) is entitled Apologia Pro Vita Sua in reference to this tradition.

The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus introduces his autobiography (Josephi Vita, c. 99) with self-praise, which is followed by a justification of his actions as a Jewish rebel commander of Galilee.^[4]

The pagan rhetor Libanius (c. 314–394) framed his life memoir (Oration I begun in 374) as ane of his orations, non of a public kind, merely of a literary kind that could not be aloud in privacy.

Augustine (354–430) practical the title Confessions to his autobiographical work, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau used the same title in the 18th century, initiating the concatenation of confessional and sometimes racy and highly self-critical, autobiographies of the Romantic era and beyond. Augustine's was arguably the first Western autobiography ever written, and became an influential model for Christian writers throughout the Middle Ages. Information technology tells of the hedonistic lifestyle Augustine lived for a time within his youth, associating with immature men who boasted of their sexual exploits; his post-obit and leaving of the anti-sex and anti-marriage Manichaeism in attempts to seek sexual morality; and his subsequent return to Christianity due to his embracement of Skepticism and the New Academy move (developing the view that sex is practiced, and that virginity is amend, comparison the former to silver and the latter to gold; Augustine's views subsequently strongly influenced Western theology^[v]). Confessions will always rank amidst the bang-up masterpieces of western literature.^[6]

In the spirit of Augustine'due south Confessions is the 12th-century Historia Calamitatum of Peter Abelard, outstanding every bit an autobiographical document of its catamenia.

Early on autobiographies

In the 15th century, Leonor López de Córdoba, a Spanish noblewoman, wrote her Memorias, which may be the first autobiography in Castillian.

Zāhir ud-Dīn Mohammad Bābur, who founded the Mughal dynasty of South Asia kept a periodical Bāburnāma (Chagatai/Persian: بابر نامہ; literally: "Book of Babur" or "Letters of Babur") which was written between 1493 and 1529.

1 of the first neat autobiographies of the Renaissance is that of the sculptor and goldsmith Benvenuto Cellini (1500–1571), written between 1556 and 1558, and entitled by him simply Vita (Italian: Life). He declares at the start: "No matter what sort he is, everyone who has to his credit what are or really seem great achievements, if he cares for truth and goodness, ought to write the story of his ain life in his own hand; but no 1 should venture on such a splendid undertaking earlier he is over 40."^[7] These criteria for autobiography generally persisted until recent times, and nigh serious autobiographies of the next 3 hundred years conformed to them.

Another autobiography of the period is De vita propria, past the Italian mathematician, physician and astrologer Gerolamo Cardano (1574).

Ane of the first autobiography written in an Indian language was Ardhakathānaka written by Banarasidas,who was a Shrimal Jain businessman and poet of Mughal India.^[8]The poetic autobiography - Ardhakathānaka, (The One-half Story), was composed in Braj Bhasa, an early dialect of Hindi linked with the region around Mathura.In his autobiography, he describes his transition from an unruly youth, to a religious realization by the time the work was equanimous.^[ix]The work as well is notable for many details of life in Mughal times.

The primeval known autobiography written in English language is the Book of Margery Kempe, written in 1438.^[10] Following in the before tradition of a life story told every bit an deed of Christian witness, the volume describes Margery Kempe's pilgrimages to the Holy State and Rome, her attempts to negotiate a celibate marriage with her married man, and virtually of all her religious experiences as a Christian mystic. Extracts from the book were published in the early sixteenth century but the whole text was published for the offset time only in 1936.^[11]

Possibly the first publicly bachelor autobiography written in English was Captain John Smith'south autobiography published in 1630^[12] which was regarded by many every bit not much more than a collection of tall tales told past someone of doubtful veracity. This changed with the publication of Philip Barbour'southward definitive biography in 1964 which, amid other things, established contained factual bases for many of Smith's "tall tales", many of which could not take been known by Smith at the fourth dimension of writing unless he was actually present at the events recounted.^[13]

Other notable English autobiographies of the 17th century include those of Lord Herbert of Cherbury (1643, published 1764) and John Bunyan (Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, 1666).

Jarena Lee (1783–1864) was the first African American adult female to have a published biography in the United States.^[xiv]

18th and 19th centuries

Post-obit the trend of Romanticism, which profoundly emphasized the office and the nature of the individual, and in the footsteps of Jean-Jacques Rousseau'south Confessions, a more than intimate class of autobiography, exploring the subject area'south emotions, came into fashion. Stendhal's autobiographical writings of the 1830s, The Life of Henry Brulard and Memoirs of an Egotist, are both avowedly influenced by Rousseau.^[15] An English example is William Hazlitt'south Liber Amoris (1823), a painful examination of the writer'south love-life.

With the rise of education, cheap newspapers and inexpensive printing, modern concepts of fame and celebrity began to develop, and the beneficiaries of this were not deadening to cash in on this past producing autobiographies. Information technology became the expectation—rather than the exception—that those in the public eye should write about themselves—not only writers such as Charles Dickens (who besides incorporated autobiographical elements in his novels) and Anthony Trollope, but likewise politicians (e.g. Henry Brooks Adams), philosophers (e.g. John Stuart Manufactory), churchmen such equally Primal Newman, and entertainers such as P. T. Barnum. Increasingly, in accord with romantic taste, these accounts too began to deal, among other topics, with aspects of babyhood and upbringing—far removed from the principles of "Cellinian" autobiography.

20th and 21st centuries

From the 17th century onwards, "scandalous memoirs" past supposed libertines, serving a public sense of taste for titillation, have been frequently published. Typically pseudonymous, they were (and are) largely works of fiction written past ghostwriters. So-called "autobiographies" of modernistic professional person athletes and media celebrities—and to a lesser extent almost politicians—generally written by a ghostwriter, are routinely published. Some celebrities, such equally Naomi Campbell, admit to not having read their "autobiographies".^[16] Some sensationalist autobiographies such as James Frey's A 1000000 Piddling Pieces have been publicly exposed as having embellished or fictionalized significant details of the authors' lives.

Autobiography has become an increasingly popular and widely accessible form. A Fortunate Life by Albert Facey (1979) has become an Australian literary classic.^[17] With the critical and commercial success in the United States of such memoirs equally Angela's Ashes and The Color of Water, more than and more people have been encouraged to effort their hand at this genre. Maggie Nelson'due south book The Argonauts is one of the recent autobiographies. Maggie Nelson calls it "autotheory"—a combination of autobiography and critical theory.^[18]

A genre where the "claim for truth" overlaps with fictional elements though the piece of work however purports to be autobiographical is autofiction.

Meet also

• List of autobiographies
• Category:Autobiographies
• Autobiographical comics
• Autobiographical retention
• Autobiographical novel
• Autofiction
• Biography
• I-novel
• Letter drove
• List of autobiographies
• Memoir
• Unreliable narrator

References

1. ^ "autobio". Dictionary.com . Retrieved 7 February 2020.
2. ^ "autobiography", Oxford English Dictionary
3. ^ ^{a b} Pascal, Roy (1960). Design and Truth in Autobiography. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
4. ^ Steve Mason, Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary. Life of Josephus : translation and commentary, Volume nine
5. ^ Fiorenza and Galvin (1991), p. 317
6. ^ Chadwick, Henry (2008-08-14). Confessions. Oxford University Press. pp. 4 (ix). ISBN9780199537822.
7. ^ Benvenuto Cellini, tr. George Bull, The Autobiography, London 1966 p. 15.
8. ^ Vanina, Eugenia (1995). "The "Ardhakathanaka" by Banarasi Das: A Socio-Cultural Report". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Lodge. v (two): 211–224. doi:10.1017/S1356186300015352. ISSN 1356-1863. JSTOR 25183003.
9. ^ Orsini, Francesca; Schofield, Katherine Butler (2015-10-05). Tellings and Texts: Music, Literature and Performance in Due north India (in Arabic). Open Volume Publishers. ISBN978-1-78374-102-i.
10. ^ Kempe, Margery, approximately 1373- (1985). The book of Margery Kempe . Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin. ISBN0140432515. OCLC 13462336. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
11. ^ Kempe, Margery, approximately 1373- (1985). The book of Margery Kempe . Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin. ISBN0140432515. OCLC 13462336. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
12. ^ The Truthful Travels, Adventures and Observations of Captain John Smith into Europe, Aisa, Africa and America from Anno Domini 1593 to 1629
13. ^ Barbour, Philip L. (1964). The 3 Worlds of Helm John Smith, Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.
14. ^ Peterson, Carla L. (1998). Doers of the Word: African-American Women Speakers and Writers in the N (1830-1880). Rutgers Academy Press. ISBN9780813525143.
15. ^ Wood, Michael (1971). Stendhal . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 97. ISBN978-0801491245.
16. ^ "YouTube star takes online break every bit she admits novel was 'not written solitary'". the Guardian. 2014-12-08. Retrieved 2022-05-03 .
17. ^ nearly-commonwealth of australia.com.au, 2010
18. ^ Pearl, Monica B. (2018). "Theory and the Everyday". Angelaki. 23: 199–203. doi:10.1080/0969725X.2018.1435401. S2CID 149385079.

Bibliography

• Barros, Carolyn (1998). Autobiography: Narrative of Transformation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

• Buckley, Jerome Hamilton (1994). The Turning Fundamental: Autobiography and the Subjective Impulse Since 1800. Cambridge: Harvard University Printing.

• Ferrieux, Robert (2001). L'Autobiographie en Grande-Bretagne et en Irlande. Paris: Ellipses. p. 384. ISBN9782729800215.

• Lejeune, Philippe (1989). On Autobiography. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Printing.

• Olney, James (1998). Memory & Narrative: The Weave of Life-Writing. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

• Pascal, Roy (1960). Pattern and Truth in Autobiography. Cambridge: Harvard Academy Press.

• Reynolds, Dwight F., ed. (2001). Interpreting the Self: Autobiography in the Arabic Literary Tradition. Berkeley: University of California Press.

• Wu, Pey-Yi (1990). The Confucian's Progress: Autobiographical Writings in Traditional Prc. Princeton: Princeton Academy Press.

External links

williamssligized.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiography

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